Definition and Examples of Procatalepsis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Procatalepsis in Rhetoric Procatalepsis is aâ rhetorical technique by which a speaker or author foresees and reacts to an adversaries protests. Additionally spelled prokatalepsis. Modifier: Procataleptic Theâ figure of discourse andâ argumentative technique of procatalepsis is likewise known asâ theâ prebuttal, the figure of presupposal, anticipatio, and foreseen invalidation. Nicholas Brownlees takes note of that procatalepsis is a viable logical gadget in that while appearingâ dialogic, practically speaking it permits the creator to stay in unlimited oversight of the discourse (Gerrard Winstanley and Radical Political Discourse in Cromwellian England, 2006). Models and Observations Tune in, Liz, I realize this is difficult to hear, however I recognize what youre going to state, she cut in, her voice calm. I comprehend what youre going to instruct me to do. Acknowledge it. Proceed onward. Attempt to disregard what happened to him.He didnt react. Shed re-thought him.Right?Right.Well, its not all that simple for me, she said. Im still here in London with all the recollections, living nearby to his vacant house. I havent got myself a decent occasion house in Devon to vanish to and disregard everything that happened.(Tim Weaver, Never Coming Back. Viking, 2014) Frederick Douglass Use of Procatalepsis I might be asked, why I am so on edge to bring this subject before the British open why I don't keep my endeavors to the United States? My answer is, first, that bondage is the shared adversary of humanity, and all humankind ought to be made familiar with its evil character. My next answer is, that the slave is a man, and, thusly, is qualified for your compassion as a sibling. All the emotions, all the susceptibilities, all the limits, which you have, he has. He is a piece of the human family. (Frederick Douglass, An Appeal to the British People. Gathering discourse at Finsbury Chapel, Moorfields, England, May 12, 1846) Platos Use of Procatalepsis Somebody will say: Yes, Socrates, yet would you be able to hold your tongue, and afterward you may go into an outside city, and nobody will meddle with you? Presently I have extraordinary trouble in causing you to comprehend my response to this. For in the event that I reveal to you this would be an insubordination to a perfect order, and in this manner that I can't hold my tongue, you won't accept that I am not kidding; and on the off chance that I state again that the best great of man is day by day to talk about goodness, and all that concerning which you hear me looking at myself as well as other people, and that the existence which is unexamined does not merit living-that you are still more averse to accept. But then what I state is valid, albeit a thing of which it is difficult for me to convince you. (Plato, Apology, trans. by Benjamin Jowett) Employments of Procatalepsis Deliberately, procatalepsis showsâ your perusers that you have foreseen their interests, and have just idea them through. It is, in this way, particularly compelling in contentious essays...Procatalepsis can even be utilized on the off chance that you dont have a full response to the protest. By speaking the truth about the way that there are issues with your contention, you show your crowd that you are grounded in actuality. You ought to never, be that as it may, raise an issue with which you can't react. (Brendan McGuigan, Rhetorical Devices: A Handbook and Activities for Student Writers. Prestwick, 2007)Often, an essayist will concoct a potential protest or difficultyâ in request to answer it in a manner that reinforces the authors position. In the occasion such a complaint ought to emerge, the peruser has an answer previously laid out...An protest can once in a while beâ turned into a further purpose of help for the journalists contention. Surrendering a protest and afterward transforming it into a point in the essayists favor can be an incredible strategy. (Robert A Harris, Writing With Clarity and Style: A Guide to Rhetorical Devices for Contemporary Writers, 2003. Rpt. Routledge, 2017) More Examples of Procatalepsis He knows each harbor, each bay and delta all through the chain; he has to.Those are fine accreditations, Geoffrey, however barely the sort-Please, interfered with Cooke. I havent wrapped up. To foresee your complaint, hes a resigned official of US Naval Intelligence. Hes moderately youthful, ahead of schedule to mid-forties, Id state, and Ive no genuine information on why he left the administration, yet I assemble the conditions werent wonderful. In any case, he could be an advantage on this task. (Robert Ludlum, The Scorpio Illusion, 1993)No gathering in America has had as poor a beginning as the main Africans. Youll contend that different gatherings needed to endure insults and even subjugation, however I promptly advise you that they moved (for example dropped by decision). Africans were torqued (regardless of whether bought) from their country, brutalized and compelled to work for nothing. (Nashieqa Washington, Why Do Black People Love Fried Chicken? What's more, Other Questions Youve Wondered But Didnt Dare Ask. Your Black Friend, 2006)

What challenges for the television does the internet pose How do these Essay

What challenges for the TV does the web present How do these difficulties sway the data society Discuss the qualities and shortcomings - Essay Example It is astonishing that every one of the above is as yet pertinent and have their own after and inclinations by individuals. The degree of open enthusiasm for each of these has been continually evolving. Truth be told â€Å"The normal individual invests more energy tuning in to the radio than sitting in front of the TV, as indicated by the most recent figures.† (Radio More Popular Than TV. 2001). There is no genuine proof that any of the above will get repetitive sooner rather than later despite the fact that the web has developed in ability to such a degree, that it can incorporate the various three into its overlay. This paper is an endeavor to consider the danger of the web on TV. In the process the paper will attempt to give answers to the accompanying inquiries Since both the above are firmly identified with the general public, it will be concentrated concerning one of the conspicuous social speculations that have been presented during a similar timetable referenced before. The hypothesis that will be utilized in this occurrence is Marxism Karl Marx was unarguably one of the most compelling masterminds of the cutting edge history. (World Marx The Millennium’s ‘Greater Thinker’. 1999). Contentions may emerge concerning the positive or negative effect the hypothesis propounded by the man, yet nobody can deny that it had an impact on social, political and financial angles in the general public. Upsets occurred in numerous piece of the world, governments and government were toppled and nations did battle over the issue. The Russian government of the tsars vanished in view of the transformation. â€Å"For Russia similarly with respect to the next European nations, Marxism expected and encouraged the incomparable Russian average upheaval which would follow the way of the English and French transformations, similarly as the one out of 1848 which aggravated and shook all of Central Europe.† (Marxism and Russia: Russia Against Europe in the nineteenth Century. 1997, p.9-24). The United States battled close by

Octogram.net Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Octogram.net - Essay Example I likewise scored a valid statement for achiever. I got 6 in this character quality which implies that I am extremely goal-oriented and like to set significant standards for me. It is genuine on the grounds that I am a sort of individual who is constantly centered around accomplishing something in my expert life. If there should be an occurrence of aide, I scored 7. It implies that I am a useful individual for others at work which is very evident about me. I love to work in groups and help others through my insight. I likewise need my partners to accomplish their expert objectives. The territories where I scored less were tactician, grapple, expert, and cooperative person. Amazingly, I scored only 2 focuses for tactician. It implies that I am not keen on discovering answers for issues which doesn't appear to be valid about me. I can possibly set methodologies to meet those objectives. For stay, I scored 4 focuses. The scored genuinely mirrored my performing various tasks approach at the working environment. I like to get introduction to various territories of expert life as opposed to adhering to a specific job. For expert, I scored 4 focuses which implies that I am not ready to delve into the issues. It doesn't appear to be right since I am an issue solver as opposed to issue avoider. The last character quality was cooperative person for which I scored 4 focuses. It implies that I am just worried about my job in the group. It is again not right about me since I like to help other people when filling in as a group and like to keep up group amicability to accomp lish results. Summarizing it, albeit a few outcomes went for me and some showed up as though they weren't right, however they exposed my working environment character attributes. I believe that this comprehension would impact my administrative practices since administrators should know about their qualities and shortcomings. This octogram test would function as a decent beginning stage for me and would assist me with taking a shot at my feeble zones. This reaction is by all accounts summarizing all working environment

Two Shades of Black Emily Dickinsons We grow accustomed to the Dark- - Literature Essay Samples

In Emily Dickinsons 419th untitled poem, more commonly known by its first line, We grow accustomed to the Dark-, the speaker describes two distinct situations in which people must gradually adjust to darkness. The first portion is fairly lucid, using concrete images to portray a simple nighttime farewell that describes the time it takes for eyes to adapt to a lack of light; however, though the final stanzas comment on the same theme of reorienting oneself amid obscurity, this last portion is ensconced in symbolism and conspicuous abstraction. Only by examining the similarities and differences of both can a clear message be extrapolated from the poem. Utilizing the ease and palpability of the poems first two stanzas as a foundation, Dickinson makes the metaphorical analogy that people need time and courage to adjust not only to the physical darkness of night, but to the emotional darkness of the mind, as well. The poem begins with two stanzas containing concrete, perceptible image ry that establish the mood, theme, and basis for the message that the poem will build upon. It begins with broad strokes (We grow accustomed to the Dark -/ When light is put away) and continues to describe how we fit our Vision to the Dark - as the newness of the night - requires. In these few commonplace observations, the speaker immediately establishes a communal point of view, thus implying a collective importance to the act of adjusting to the darkness. By using the word dark, the speaker foregoes more sweet and somber synonyms such as night in favor of a word that has massively negative connotations, ranging all the way from sadness to evil and even death. The capitalization intensifies the power and absoluteness of the word an effect that is compounded by the phrase light is put away. The verb phrasing of put implies that light, and therefore darkness, is beyond our control. Dark also suggests feelings of isolation (a lack of light correspondingly implies a lack of peop le), as well as dismal skepticism (we cannot be sure of much without our sight). Both of these emotional connotations are amplified by the specific scene Dickinson creates. The Neighbor holds the Lamp/ To witness her Goodbye / A Moment - and unadjusted to the dark, We uncertain step. Like the darkness, the goodbye forces the literal isolation of We and makes that same collective markedly timorous. The trepidation and gloom created by the diction and imagery of the first two stanzas is reinforced by their structure. The stanzas have no rhyme scheme at all; such a form would detract from the anxiety and unrest found in other parts of the poem. The repeated use of dashes in the poem at line breaks and in the middle of phrases creates a frantic slant to the narration (such as in the line, A Moment -/ We uncertain step). When read out loud the dashes create an intriguing choice for readers: to speed up in breathy haste and ascribe a frenetic nature to the speakers uncertainty, or to leave a disquieting pause and contribute to the tremulous mood and overall dismal feel of the poem. The dashes also create halting moments in an otherwise steady rhythm and meter of alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter. Yet this raises an interesting question: why utilize such a strict meter when it betrays other facets of the poem? The answer is two-fold. The speaker says we meet the Road erect -, implying that there is a relatively well-worn path out of physical darkness and courage to call upon for the journey. Following this, the steady march of the iambs could be used to mimic the simple steps one can take to leave physical darkness; just put one foot in front of the other. But there is also a simpler option: it was made to be broken. In the final two stanzas of the poem, the structure undergoes several key changes indicating not only that different larger Darknesses are being discussed, but also helping to elucidate key facets of these new nights. Generally, t he form begins to interact with poetry on a sensual level. When the speaker describes how some attempt to leave the darkness And sometimes hit a tree / Directly in the Forehead, meter and rhythm mimic these tactile interactions. There are multiple stresses on top of each other in sometimes hit so that the sound upon pronunciation is noticeably harsher as if an actual hit has taken place. The symmetry of Directly in the Forehead actually looks like two objects about to knock into each other and the difference in meter between its iambs and the previous lines flawed stresses as well as having five short syllables preceding two long ones makes the line positively arresting. Both of these formal points emulate the actual content of the line, creating a heightened connection between poem and reader which indicates that these darknesses are of a much more sensual, personal nature. Rhyme is also used to symbolize aspects of the adjustment to these new darknesses. The second lin e in stanza four, ending in Tree, actually synchs in rhyme to the fourth line, But as they learn to see -. The second and third lines of the last stanza also rhyme: something in the sight / Adjusts itself to Midnight -. These rhymes indicate the closeness to realizing true sight; in the first example they are learning to see and are one line apart; in the second example adjustment is achieved and the lines create a couplet. Yet the role of the last line in this new pattern creates an added dimension to the reading: And Life steps almost straight. If life is stepping straight, one would expect a rhyme to go with this happy ending yet there is none. Instead, despite the suffix ight being repeated in the last line as in the previous two, there is no rhyme. It is strikingly close to, but not quite, a rhyme just as life can almost step out of the darkness. The form of the final stanzas indicates that the new darknesses within the poem are of a more intimate and tragic nature , but to ascertain their exact composition as mental darknesses one must unpack the abstract images Dickinson uses to describe them. For example, the concept of plural darknesses that are larger more painful, more gloomy than the Dark described previously is an invaluable characterization. The darknesses are also characterized as Evenings of the Brain, and when The Bravest try to escape them, they end up getting hit in the Forehead. The metaphor to Evenings as well as the plurality of the darkness suggests that these darknesses recur regularly, and the use of two cerebral nouns, brain and forehead, indicates that they occur in the mind. This reading of darknesses is supported by the following lines: When not a Moon disclose a sign / Or Star come out within -. The moon and star, possible solutions to physical darkness, are converted to an indefinite nature and used as metaphorical solutions to the many evenings of mental darkness. The fact that the potential solutions coul d be internal in nature also speaks to the mental aspect of the darknesses. Dickinsons poem utilizes an amalgam of form, rhythm, and imagery which are all based on the varied connotations of the word dark; however, marked distinctions within those areas ultimately reveal a metaphorical analogy between a literal, physical darkness and metaphorical, mental darknesses that are ultimately more personal and more tragic. The exact composition of that cerebral gloom remains ambiguous, forcing readers to make a personal connection to their own problems those recurring evenings of mental darkness that are impossible to step away from while at the same time encouraging them to recognize the collective importance of working against such events.

Kants Refutations of the Proofs of the Existence of God...

Kants Refutations of the Proofs of the Existence of God There are three types of proof for the existance of God: The Ontological Proof: God is the most perfect conceivable being. Existence is more perfect than non-existence. God by definition exists. The Cosmological Proof: Everything contingent must have a cause. If this cause is also contingent, then it too must also have a cause. This chain of causes and effects must have a beginning - a necessary cause. This necessary cause must be God. The Physico-Theological Proof: Observations about the particular constitution of the sensible world provide proof of the existence of God. As we saw earlier in the CPR, there are†¦show more content†¦As soon as a person has admitted that he/she has a concept of God, by this argument, then that person has also admitted Gods existence (in the same way that admitting you have the concept of a triangle is, is to admit that a triangle has three angles). Like most of Kants topics of discussion, it is difficult to fully grasp the entirety of what is being said. However, unlike most other cases, this time I dont think its entirely his fault. In fact, his refutation to this deceivingly simple argument is (perhaps deceivingly) actually quite simple. Existence cannot be a predicate. In the sentence Thomas is the teacher, the word is is not the predicate, but it is the word that implies existence. Therefore, the sentence God is does not contain a predicate. A predicate is a word that ads a quality to the concept of the thing it is applied to -- existence is not a quality. The cosmological argument, according to Kan t, is too well known for it to be necessary to expound it in detail here (P570), so if you dont know it, you can join me in feeling like an idiot#8230; However, he then goes on to quickly explain the argument. I also took the liberty of finding out where this argument came from and it seems to have started with Aristotle and also used by Aquinas. Aristotle said that the fact that there is movement could prove the existence of an unmoved mover (God). In other wordsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hegel and Kant on the Ontological Argument1748 Words   |  7 PagesArgument ABSTRACT: I intend to present Kants refutation of the ontological argument as confronted by Hegels critique of Kants refutation. The ontological argument can be exposed in a syllogistic way: everything I conceive as belonging clearly and distinctly to the nature or essence of something can be asserted as true of something. I perceive clearly and distinctly that existence belongs to the nature or essence of a perfect being; therefore, existence can be stated as true of a supremely perfectRead MoreCritique of Judgement Summary829 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific work even though we would be wrong to assume that teleological principles are actually at work in nature. Analysis While much of what Kant writes about aesthetics might strike us now as a bit dated, his work is historically very significant. Kant’s Third Critique is one of the early works in the field of aesthetics and one of the most important treatises on the subject ever written. Aesthetics differs from literary criticism and art criticism, which have existed for millennia, in that it attemptsRead MorePerfect Island Objection by Anselm of Canterbury1504 Words   |  7 Pagesthe basis that there exists a fundamental dissimilarity between the concept of existence in our minds, and that of existence in reality. This essay will present two objections to Anselm’s Ontological argument, namely, the ‘Perfect Island Objection’ and the ‘Existence is not a Predicate’ objection, whilst also discussing possible responses to these objections. The Ontological Argument sets out to prove the existence of God, as defined by Anselm as ‘something than which nothing greater can be conceived’Read More The Problem of Evil Essay examples5683 Words   |  23 PagesIs there any satisfactory way of reconciling the existence of an omnipotent and all-loving God with the existence of natural evil (i.e. evil not due to the misuse of human free will)? One of the central claims of the Judaeo-Christian tradition is the existence of an omnipotent and all-loving God. Against this is the observation that people and animals suffer evil. By common sense, we would infer from this observation that God, as conceived in this tradition, does not exist - for, if He did, He would

Analysis Of The Book The Lord Of The Rings - 2028 Words

Temptation Temptation is defined as the desire to do something, usually wrong or unwise, but temptation is merely a measure of willpower. When someone is being seduced, a battle of wills occurs that puts one’s morals to the test. In the land of Middle Earth, this comes into play with the One Ring of Power. This magical ring has the ability to play on the desires of its’ bearer in order to get what it wants, which is to return to Sauron- the dark lord who forged it. When the One Ring works its corruptive powers on its’ beholder, temptation plays a tremendous role in the Ring’s attempt to make the bearer value the Ring’s desires over one’s own. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien’s alternate universe is ruled by moral conflicts, much of which can be attributed to the existence of the Ring and Sauron. Throughout Tolkien’s first novel of The Lord of the Rings series, The Fellowship of the Ring, the One Ring of Power is able to exert a powerful influence over the main protagonist of the novel, Frodo Baggins, which ultimately causes a moral conflict for Frodo. Over the course of his life, J.R.R. Tolkien had three great loves that influenced his life and writing greatly. Philology, the study of the structure and development of language, and the Catholic Church were Tolkien s first two loves; his mother, Mabel was able to introduce them to him before she died of diabetes in 1904. Tolkien, whose father had died in 1896 of rheumatoid fever, was now an orphan and taken in by Father FrancisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Lord Of The Rings 771 Words   |  4 Pagescheerful evenings in a hotel to intense battles in the middle of a doomed volcanic-evil-orc-ridden land, Lord of the Rings is an exhilarating adventure through the lands of Middle Earth. The following text you all about the characters, settings, and plots throughout the LOTR. In order to understand the story, you will need to know the major characters in the story. Frodo is chosen to destroy the Ring, and in the course of this mission, he proves to be a brave and intelligent leader. Sam is a crucialRead MoreThe Lady Of The Rings1547 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish CCA The Lady of the Rings Thesis: While some claim that due to the stereotypical roles and lack of female characters in Tolkien’s works makes him sexist, the female characters in The lord of the Rings are far more important and powerful than many make them out to be. The Lord of the Rings is arguably J.R.R. Tolkien’s best and is unquestionably his largest work with mind blowing amounts of details and background texts created to take his world of Middle Earth and make it the definitiveRead MoreAnalysis Of Peter Jackson s The Lord Of The Rings 1426 Words   |  6 Pagesof The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien, Jackson’s genius overwhelmed the fantasy genre of film. His innovative use of technology, enormous accomplishments, creation of a mythical world, and respect for the story confirms Jackson’s spot in film history. Despite the opinions of critics, Jackson’s epic trilogy remains a masterpiece of fantasy cinema. His films have inspired amazement and generated many devoted followers. Of its many remarkable components, Jackson’s The Lord of the Rings may be celebratedRead MoreEssay on Tolkien: A Racist, Sexist, or Not?1665 Words   |  7 Pagesfantasy stories. Eventually, type I diabetes caught up with Mabel and at the age of 34 she died. As Tolkien became older, he began to write literary essays about middle-earth. He also is the author of the Lord of the Rings Trilogy. Critics and historians often debate The Lord of the Rings Trilogy’s depictions of evil characters, often classifying J.R.R Tolkien as being a racist and a sexist or defending J.R.R. Tolkien by stating that his character descriptions were merely used to advance the plotRead MoreThe Fellowship Of The Ring1649 Words   |  7 PagesWith John Ronald Reuel Tolkien’s The Fellowship of the Ring as inspiration, an analysis is used to define to following: the idea of an evil ring to be symbolism for temptation and deadly addictions people suffer from, evidence to show the psycholo gy and neuroscience behind what temptation is and how self-control correlates with it, and a few characters’ reaction to this ring and how the temptation of the Ring affects these characters. Tolkien was born January 3, 1892 in Bloemfontein, South AfricaRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lord Of The Rings The story began as a consequence to Tolkien s 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually improved into a much larger employment. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is the second pick-selling surprising ever written, with over 150 million carbon copy sold. The Lord of the Rings is an epopoeia exalted-imagination recent written by English subcreator J. The toil was initially intended by Tolkien to be one roll of a two-volume put, the other toRead MoreExtended Formal Analysis: Biographical and Cultural Criticism on the Lords of Discipline634 Words   |  3 PagesExtended Formal Analysis: Biographical and Cultural Criticism on The Lords of Discipline Conroy displays his life through his novel, The Lords of Discipline, to give readers a visual demonstration of how life connections can transform the entity of a novel. Conroys attendance to the Citadel, his family, and the South helped influence his innovative writing style. A lifetime in a Southern family negated any possibility that he [Will/Conroy]Read MoreFantasy Rhetoric Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesFantasy Rhetoric: Summary and Analysis of Katherine Fowkes’s Fantasy Films A Rhetoric Analysis consists of a multitude of attributes some larger than others and some not specifically require. Among those are certain attributes that are what provides the foundation of any Rhetoric work, Logos, Pathos, and Ethos or persuasive appeal. My job is to show you the other attributes consisting of the context of the argument, the authors’ attitude, and the tone of the overall work. So first I will haveRead MoreNataraja of Shiva Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagescentury) from Ancient Southeastern Art located on the 2nd floor of the museum. The main message of this sculpture is focused on the idea of the boundaries of cosmos and the destruction and rebirth of the world. This paper will employ close visual analysis of this sculpture and describe how the visual elements of the work relate to its main theme. In my opinion, this sculpture is very beautiful and I was so surprised to find it in the museum. As I was growing up in India, I always saw this sculptureRead M oreThe Lord Of The Rings Essay1803 Words   |  8 Pagesfortune because of all the movies and books there are. Jonathan Tolkien dreamt about an alternate world, with a mix of languages and songs. The stories grabbed the minds of thousands and grew an empire. The Lord of the Rings series was by far one of the most successful books series in history. The main issue in the entire series is the One Ring. The one that Frodo and Bilbo Baggins carried around. However if you look into it closely, the main point to the One Ring is to represent power and temptation

Richard Duke Of Yorke Monologue Essay Research Paper Example For Students

Richard Duke Of Yorke Monologue Essay Research Paper A monologue from the play by Christopher Marlowe NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Works. Christopher Marlowe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910. QUEEN: Brave warriors, Clifford Northumberland, Come make him stand upon this molehill here, That aimed at mountaines with outstretched arm, And parted but the shadow with his hand. Was it you that ruled in our Parliament, And made a preachment of your high descent? Where are your mess of sons to back you now? The wanton Edward, and the lusty George? Or where is that valiant crookback prodigy? Dicky your boy, that with his grumbling voice, Was wont to cheat his dad in mutinies? Or amongst the rest, where is your darling Rutland? Look Yorke? I dipped this napkin in the blood, That valiant Clifford with his rapiers point, Made issue from the bosom of thy boy. And if thine eyes can water for his death, I give thee this to dry thy cheeks withall. Alas poor York. But that I hate thee much, I should lament thy miserable state. I prithee grieve to make me merry, York. Stamp, rave and fret, that I may sing and dance. What? hath thy fiery heart so parched thine entrails, That not a tear can fall for Rutland\s death? Thou wouuldst be feed, I see, to make me sport. York cannot speak, unless he wear a crown. A crown for York? and Lords bow low to him. So: hold you his hands, while I do set it on. I, now looks he like a king? This is he that took King Henry\s chair, And this is he was his adopted heir. But how is it that great Plantagenet, Is crowned so soon, and broke his holy oath, As I bethink me you should not be king, Till our Henry had shook hands with death And will you impale your head with Henry\s glory, And rob his temples of the Diadem Now in his life against your holy oath? Oh, tis a fault too too unpardonable. Off with the crown, and with the crown his head.

The Role of Human Resource Knowledge in establishing Performance

Introduction The workplace today is in a condition of metamorphosis of workers’ motivation, customers’ satisfaction, human-resource development and customer relation management with a global mindset of penetrating every aspect of the organization. Effective workforce is a pillar in an organization as it is a great player in accomplishing the firms’ objectives and service delivery.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Role of Human Resource Knowledge in establishing Performance-Based Work environment: The Case of â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Aspatore Books, human-resource management is the organizational function that enables efficiency, innovation, creativity and flexibility of the workforce to transform them into productive assets.1 Therefore, many institutions have emphasized on the need to consider (HRM) human-resource management as a co urse. However, it is also important to note that it is one of the demanding knowledge, especially in a workplace.2 An orderly managed well-organized human-resource department assists the organizations to attain the desired goals and competitiveness in the industry. Background of the study In the present century, the human-resource management departments are facing unlimited challenges. As paradigms have changed in various dimensions and the factors affecting human-resource management are not exceptional. The human-resource management must re-examine the organizational structure and functions in order to cope with relevance, new trends and challenges in the contemporary business setting. In the current business context, the most affecting and challenging issue to an informed man is time’s nature of setting things in order and in place in the best and most effective way3. Advanced technology, through the use of computer and smart phones, assist man to deal situations in the mos t effective and efficient manner. The state of human-resource management is a system that attracts strengths, encourages, and maintains employees who are responsible for the successful operation and existence of the organization.4 The main and important function of human-resource management circulates around workforce planning, recruitment and selection, job specification, dismissal, employee motivation, customer relation management (CRM), performance evaluation and employee development.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Has life changed alongside developments in technology, so, is it the human-resource management to occupy more responsibilities? These conceptual issues have established fundamental principles for the foundation of human-resource management. Fundamental of human development The training function of human-resource management is contemporarily termed as huma n-resource development. It is an orderly effort towards facilitating the workforce within the firm to acquire the required knowledge in the desire for organizational success. This revolves around three areas- employer and employee development, performance development and work environment improvement. There are important laws that the human-resource management must equip itself with during the training. The teaching and the process must be interesting so that the trainee is motivated to grasp the important information. 5 In addition, the training and development must target at the performance improvement to help the organization attain stronger organizational efficiency, greater competitive practices and enhance profitability. Objective of the study In this paper, the primary objective is to examine and determine the value of employer’s knowledge in human-resource management. I seek to: Ascertain the relevance of human-resource management knowledge and skills and the workplac e. To analyze the functions of human-resource management in an organization Ascertain the relevance between motivation and job performance. Discussion The reorganization of the human-resource administration for â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† The human-resource departments are vital players responsible for attracting, developing, motivating and maintaining best employees the human-resource management departments are required to make well-detailed organizational charts for their firms to assist the managers and executives carry their duties responsible.6 In addition, the organization charts enhance the employees to understand the company strategy and structure, and their roles in delivering the organizational goals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Role of Human Resource Knowledge in establishing Performance-Based Work environment: The Case of â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Organizational charts aid a company in ensuring effective and efficient communication of its objectives, employee expectations, and responsibilities. In demonstrating commitment to excellence, the company needs to develop an ideal organizational chart that is efficient in mapping the company’s communication lines. The organizational chart is essential tool and is necessary in circumstances where management is in pursuit to identify areas through the enterprise that presents opportunities for downscaling. The organizational structure needs to be flexible and the one that reflects the immediate requirements of the organization. The â€Å"Flambo Plast Gbhm† company must make sure the human-resource management chart allows the management and the employees to: existence of co-operation between the employees and the management at large. Perfect relation and communication among the employees and the management Clear and easy understanding of the processes Flexible and re alistic nature Clear definition of roles and responsibilities within the organization The structure that allows smooth teamwork among the employees and the management The human-resource department organizational chart The â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† shall be organized in a manner that it constitutes the outlook of a modern human-resource department.7 The chart shall address the three-main sections namely: HR front office HR back office HR excellence centers The HR Front office This office shall be the main interaction point for all HR team members and shall be an internal source for the employees. The HR Back office This office is important and responsible for HR services offered both internally and externally. This office is also in control of legal procedures, in an organization. The office will ensure that all procedures and actions are compliant with law. Indeed, all the administrative functions like payroll, bonus, and benefits are in control in this office. The HR Excel lence center This section in human-resource management shall be responsible for maintaining policies, processes and products developed. The office will ensure and oversee the employee training, recruiting and staffing roles.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Flambo Plast Gmbh Human Resource Organiization Chart This is a hierarchical type of organizational chart. In this chart, the employees are under certain functional departments headed by a different manager. For instance, we have the front office, back office, and the excellence center headed by different managers. The main reason for choosing this kind of chart is that it clearly explains the organizational structure in simple terms. In addition, the use of organizational charts saves an organization from problems of communication loops.. 8 These calls for another management team to assist manage the organization. The main functions of human-resource department The human-resource department is in control of several duties that deal with the employees of the company. Unfortunately, some managers assume HRM as a simple office with less work.9 The office has a lot of work and requires great attention to address these issues. However, the main duties and responsibilities of human reso urces management are: Recruitment of employees Compensation and remuneration Training and development Planning Recruitment of employees The human-resource department is vest with power to recruit and oversee the selection of employees. This involves the process of choosing few qualified candidates out from many unqualified. The function ensures that the company under consideration selects the most skilful and competent taskforce from plenty of applicants. This function involves selection of the best individuals and evaluation of their ability in relation to the company requirements. The recruitment can be through various processes that may include interviews, educational, psychological measurements and written interviews. Compensation and remuneration A capital resource is one the most important assets that the company can rely on. For efficient production, the company needs to address the issue of compensation and remuneration in details. This deals with the motivation of the emp loyees. The human-resource department has a task of evaluating the performance in turn rewarding those who did well or exceeded the expectation of the company.10 The compensation packages can be in terms of salary increment, holiday offers, awards, equities etc. Training and development This function is important and necessary since it adds value to the organization. Employees’ training is in relation with improvement of skills and attitudes of the employees. It is also significant in motivating the works as well as boosting their energy. Training enables the employee to be familiar with duties that he/she supposed to work on. Some jobs require work experience or training before some can undertake the task. The can be characterized by attendance of seminars, conferences, workshops and formal talks among others. Planning Every manager must plan regardless of the section under his or her command. The human-resource department has the responsibility of ensuring that adequate pla ns are in place for the success of the organization. The department plans how the organization structure will look like, the duties and responsibilities of each employee, the chain of command and several others. The department is also bestowing with the responsibility of planning the future organizational goals in relation to people or clarifying the same goals to staff members. Planning is a useful tool in putting the organizational goals in safe basket.11 Adviser It refers to a professional or a consultant providing expert advice to his or her clients concerning a certain field. Customer relationship management In my own understanding, CRM is an information house or database responsible for monitoring, valuing, developing and retaining excellent relation to the customer. Simply, observing the principles of customer relationship.12 Problems regarding employees’ motivation In the turn of a century, the business setting has gone through various changes touching the style in hu man-resource management. Some business managers are not aware of these inventible changes. This has led to the failure of many stable businesses. However, motivation has both positive and negative effects to the business. Therefore, it is important they learn, understand and are familiarized with factors that promote positive motivation at the workplace. The objective of this paper is to assist the manager to understand the need for motivation at the workplace. This can be through identifying factors that may occur because of lack of motivation in the workplace. According to Fredrick Herzberg, motivation is the force that makes us do things: this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we are inspired to accomplish our tasks.13 Motivation is essential in achieving the best from human capital. Motivation has a great impact on the output of the business in terms of quality and quantity. Production staff is the pivot that the business relies heavily regarding the ou tput. When motivation is not satisfied, the company suffers a huge loss hence there is the failure of business to perform effectively. A de-motivated workforce ultimately results in high absenteeism and employee turnover rates always accompanied by poor customer service. Fredrick Herzberg came up with two main divisions that deal with motivation. Those factors that motivated work staff at the workplace and, Hygiene Factors The motivators enhanced excellent performance in an organization leading high output and works’ friendly working environment. However, the hygiene factors, if not met, has a negative impact on employee’s efficiency and immeasurable loss to business. There are a number of problems regarding the employees’ motivation. These may include: Poor pay Work conditions Supervision Inadequate recognition Poor pay Many companies have failed to demonstrate excellent efforts towards workers’ remuneration. Though money is not the only reason why e mployees cause unrest at the workplace, in most cases, it is the main reason. In the recent world, most of havoc caused at the workplace results from poor pay. If the workers’ effort is unappreciated, they feel low sometimes boycotting the work or bringing unrest in the company. Worker’ salary must be revised regulated according to ensure the equity. Employees are equally motivated to achieve the organizational objectives when salary is perceived as enough. The output of the employees must match the salary. Poor pay of workers to some extend causes sick leave and inefficient works. Work condition The prevailing working environment of an employee is very critical issue in the contemporary business context. Though motivation is something that comes from the inner force of a person, management has a big role in creating an environment that encourages employee motivation. The employer must eliminate risks that de-motivate the workers at the workplace. Workplace safety must be the point of concern to management and shareholders as a whole. Most of the workforces consider this as a motivator. 14 Supervision Supervision direction is wrong in certain organization leading qualified employees quitting their jobs. According to the recent research, it reveals that some managers have poor leadership and management styles in stabilizing the work of an efficient employee. It is certain that some workers quit the managers but not the job. Supervision should give direction but not cause disharmony at the workplace. Recognition failure Recognition failure is one of the main reasons why employees get hurt. Recognition is one of the important factors that fuels personal motives. Recognizing employees for the efforts made towards achieving the organizational goals not only make them proud but also promote self-esteem and cultivate spirits of more innovations. Motivation can be through promotions, pay increase, comments and many unlisted. Theories on connection betwee n motivation and job performance Several psychologists have come with theories supported by empirical evidence to show the relationship between motivation and job performance. The world known psychologists like Fredrick Herzberg, Abraham Maslow, Elton Mayo, Douglas McGregor, among unlisted through different researches have tried to show the relation that exists between motivation and job performance. This paper will examine through the two theories the relationship prevalence between the job performance and motivation. It is going to focus on a two-factor theory by Herzberg and the theory by Maslow. Two-factor theory According to Herzberg, motivation is in two motives. He also refers to this theory as â€Å"the dual structure theory.† From his theory, Herzberg believed that two sets factors influence people. He classified these two sets into motivator and hygiene. The hygiene referred to as dissatisfied, as their absence causes dissatisfaction while their presence does not mo tivate. The hygiene included pay and benefit, supervision, job security, personal life working conditions, status and relationship with co-workers. However, on the motivator side, he includes recognition, promotion, achievements and growth. According to him, hygiene factors operate separately or independently from the motivators. He argued that the hygiene factors were of short-term effects and that a little improvement would be to their removal. According to him, motivation was important and necessary for achievements. The theory Z Abraham Maslow developed another important theory to link relationship between motivation and job performance. Maslow (1971), named his final theory â€Å"Theory Z.† Maslow tried to relate motivation and job performance by using theory z, to explain the self-actualization. In his study, Maslow said less than 1%of the adult population was self-actualizing. Abraham Maslow focused his life’s work on the study of human potential, development an d motivation.15 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, visible deference was given to people who had a value focused. He reveals that the level of unhealthiness exists in all areas of development. He refers to being self-actualized as becoming more fully human who responds to the inner forces for development. Most recent authors with the present leadership style concur with him. According to him, before one becomes self-actualized, he must first meet the physiological needs. He demonstrated his ideas using the hierarchy of needs. Theory Z was clearly an indication of unhealthy people in unhealthy organization.16 Critical review of the theories The two theories developed by the two psychologists ultimately relate job performance to motivation. From the dual research, it is evidently that motivation is ideal in improving work efficiency. Motivation leads to high output and works that motivate results in high production. For example, in the work of Herzberg, he believes that when hygiene is not satisfied, they cause dissatisfaction. This is actual true because when employees’ hygiene is not met, they cause underproduction. On the other hand, Maslow work supports the connection between the job performance and motivation. In his work, â€Å"Those serving customers must be longer range in time and longer range in space and wider thinking in terms of causes and effects and holistic relationships. Why is this? It’s because the relationships†¦are very different when these customers are supposed to be kept for a century or two.† 17 Recommendations First, I recommend the manager to enroll for the MBA course in human-resource management. This course will assist the manager in acquiring managerial skills and knowledge that will enable him or her to demonstrate quality leadership style in management. Secondly, I recommend the management to revise and uphold the importance of motivation and strongly put it in practice. This would motivate the workforce leading to efficiency production. It will also create a good rapport between the customers and the business. Finally, the human-resource organizational chart requires another structure with well-defined duties of the concern. Conclusion Human-resource management is an important resource to any organization set up. The current managers require to be trained in this field to ensure they utilize this capital. This will have a positive impact on the output of the business. For any milestone development, this pillar department of the organization must be vested with responsible and knowledgeable persons. Bibliography Ahmad, Shoeb. Human Resources Management and Technical Changes. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2004. Anderson, Charles. Tool Kit for Human Resources. Lincoln: iUniverse, 2004. Anderson, Kristin and Carol Kerr. Customer relationship management. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002. Armstrong, Michael. Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. London: Kogan Page Pu blishers, 2008. Aspatore Books. The Role of Human Resources: Top Executives on Using HR to Drive Business Results and Add Value to a Company (Inside the Minds). London: Aspatore Books, Incorporated, 2005. Green, Jerry W. Exploring the needs of teleworkers using Herzberg’s two-factor theory. New York: ProQuest, 2009. Ionazzi, Daniel A. The stage management handbook. New York: Writer’s Digest Books, 1992. Knox, Simon. Customer relationship management: perspectives from the marketplace Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003. Koontz, Harold and Heinz Weihrich. Essentials of Management. New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. Lawler, Edward and John Boudreau. Achieving excellence in human resource management: an assessment of human resource functions. Stanford University: Stanford University Press, 2009. Rothwell, William J and Kazanas Hanze. Planning and managing human resources: strategic planning for human resources management. New York: Human Resource Development, 2003. Saiya dain, Mirza. Human Resources Management. New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2009. Mathis, Robert and John Jackson H. Human Resource Management. New York: Cengage Learning, 2010. Ulrich, David. Human resource champions: the next agenda for adding value and delivering results. New York: Harvard Business Press, 1996. University of Nebraska (Lincoln campus). Dept. of Psychology. Current theory and research in motivation. University of Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. Wilson, John P. Human resource development: learning training for individuals organizations. London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2005. Footnotes 1 Aspatore Books. The Role of Human Resources: Top Executives on Using HR to Drive Business Results and Add Value to a Company (Inside the Minds). (London: Aspatore Books, Incorporated, 2005), 45-53. 2 Mirza, Saiyadain. Human Resources Management. (New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2009), 1 3 Robert, Mathis and John Jackson H. Human Resource Management. (New York: Cengage Learning, 2010), 27. 4 Edward, Lawler and John Boudreau. Achieving excellence in human resource management: an assessment of human resource functions. (Stanford University: Stanford University Press, 2009), 21. 5 Kristin, Anderson and Carol Kerr. Customer relationship management. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002), 2. 6 Shoeb, Ahmad. Human Resources Management and Technical Changes. (New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2004, 185. 7 Charles, Anderson. Tool Kit for Human Resources. (Lincoln: iUniverse, 2004),108. 8 John, Wilson. Human resource development: learning training for individuals organizations. London: (Kogan Page Publishers, 2005), 26-35. 9 William, Rothwell and Kazanas Hanze. Planning and managing human resources: strategic planning for human resources management. (New York: Human Resource Development, 2003), 478. 10 Michael, Armstrong. Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. (London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2008), 72. 11 David, Ulrich. Human resource champions: the next agenda for adding value and delivering results. (New York: Harvard Business Press, 1996), 25. 12 Simon, Knox. Customer relationship management: perspectives from the marketplace. (New York: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003), 3. 13 Daniel, Ionazzi. The stage management handbook. (New York: Writer’s Digest Books, 1992), 165. 14 Jerry, Green. Exploring the needs of teleworkers using Herzberg’s two-factor theory. (New York: ProQuest, 2009), 56 15 Harold, Koontz and Heinz Weihrich. Essentials of Management. (New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2006), 291 16 University of Nebraska (Lincoln campus). Dept. of Psychology. Current theory and research in motivation. (University of Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 175. 17 Jerry, Green. Exploring the needs of teleworkers using Herzberg’s two-factor theory. (New York: ProQuest, 2009), 56 This case study on The Role of Human Resource Knowledge in establishing Performance-Based Work environment: The Case of â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† was written and submitted by user Rayden G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia essays

Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia essays 1. I have chosen to discuss the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Both have many significant similarities and differences. I would like to compare some important points in four common categories. I will compare and contrast the geography and its impact, the political structure of each society, the importance of their existing class structures and finally the role of women in these dynamic civilizations. Mesopotamia and Egypt were both in flood basins of major rivers. Mesopotamia was characterized by turmoil and tension and in contrast, Egypt was characterized by stability and serenity. The Mesopotamian climate was harsh and since the Tigris and the Euphrates flooded irregularly, nature was not viewed as life-enhancing but rather considered to be a threat. Mesopotamia was located on an open plain without protection from foreign intrusions; therefore they were continually on alert. Egypt, on the other hand, was centered on the dependable Nile. The rich and fertile soil of the Nile Valley provided agricultural wealth. Even though the river was known to flood yearly the Egyptians had no reason to fear it. It helped them predict nature and they began to use this knowledge to their benefit. Since the Nile Valley was surrounded by deserts and the Red Sea, Egypt was free relatively free from foreign invasions. The Nile was also used for travel in their civilization. The political structure in Mesopotamia during the Sumerian era had no unified government. Instead, it had numerous independent city states. In the Babylonian Empire Hammurabi enforced his laws described in the "Code of Hammurabi." In this Code, the lower class had fewer rites than the higher class and is known for strict punishments. In the beginning, Egypt was divided into two parts governed by different rulers. The Unification of the lower and upper kingdoms of Egypt marked the beginning of the Archaic period. The unification of Egypt was significant in the...

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 10 QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 10 QUESTIONS - Essay Example If there are adverse economic conditions affecting the business environment in one country, they may escalate and affect other countries and have a high chance of ending up adopting global proportions. Most of the smaller global firms might find themselves unable to adequately compete on the international market as a result of lack of enough resources. This might cause them to eventually be forced out of business. Political Risk is the risk that a business or individual’s investments could end up suffering a huge loss mainly due to a result of a country’s instability or political changes in a country’s legislative body, government, military control or other foreign policy makers. It is also commonly referred to as geopolitical risk, while economic risk is the risk that a country’s macroeconomic conditions like government regulations, exchange rates and political stability will affect a business entity’s investment in that country to be economically unsustainable as a result of its profit revenues not being sufficient enough to repay its debts and cover its every day operating costs. On the other hand, legal risk is the risk that a company’s business transactions will contravene the regulatory policies in a country or parties in a business contract are not able to enter into any business contract. Managers can manage political risks by better understanding the political uncertainties in a given country and employing the use of mitigation tactics like risk diversification, intellectual property safeguards and buying political insurance. A subsidy is a form of assistance made mostly by governments mostly in the form of tax deductions or cash payments, to businesses like producers and have the result of being distributed as subventions within a given industry with the intention of preventing the overall decline of that industry in the interest of the general public. 4. (TCO D) Despite its advantages, FDI has been described as an "expensive"

Should Everyone be Equal in the Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Should Everyone be Equal in the Society - Essay Example At only 14 years old, Harrison Bergeron tries to break down the equality that has engulfed the entire country including his father. Handicapper general ensures that she monitors any bright person who tries to think beyond the normal reasoning capacity. Individuality in this society is no more. This is evident when the handicapper general guns down Harrison Bergeron and her empress. Hidden individuality is also evident when the presenter who reads the press conference does the reading while wearing a mask since she is pretty. Because Harrison is more handsome and stronger, he gets to carry the heaviest load of handicaps to weaken him. The tone of the story varies from fearful to happiness but ends up in a somber mood when main characters end up dead. Happy mood is evident when Harrison frees everyone in the studio from the slavery of wearing handicaps and dancing sets in.

Life on the Color Line Essay Example for Free

Life on the Color Line Essay A- Gregory Howard Williams wrote the book. Before you read the book you have no idea who he is. Once you read the book you find out that he is mulatto and was raised in a community that was extremely prejudice against blacks. The authors’ point of view is his own story. P-The book takes place in Virginia at the beginning of the book from 1943-1952, and then in Muncie, Indiana from 1952-1969. The source was produced in 1995. The meaning of the source doesn’t really change at all, but now that it is after the problems of racial segregation and discrimination, we are able to read it and look back on the problems of our society and make sure it doesn’t happen again. P- Other than what I learned from the book, I actually knew a lot. I knew that in the 1940’s-50’s there was a major problem with racial discrimination. I knew that the way whites treated blacks was terrible and unjust. I also knew that blacks looked toward whites as horrible people and that it was taboo to interracially date/marry. This helped me better understand why the whites were treating Greg the way that they were and why the blacks had a hard time accepting him into their community. A- The audience is for teenagers and adults. Its pretty graphic so it is intended to be taken seriously and with an open mind. It is it is more so towards teenagers and people with hard lives to show that they aren’t the only ones going through something difficult, because he went through some really complicated times and is now leading a successful, happy life. R-This book was produced in order to show what life was like for the mulatto race and how difficult it was for them. It is an inspirational book to tell people that they can go through anything if they keep their eyes on a goal and work towards it, no matter how hard it gets. T-The theme of the book was trials and success. It tells of his early child hood having to be both white and black in a community that was extremely prejudiced. It shows how he finds his way by keeping with the black influence and embracing it as his own lifestyle. It shows the difficulties he had with bullies and ignorant people and how he used academics as a way to stay out of trouble. It shows how he has to live with an alcoholic father and how he takes care of him even though he would probably be better off not worrying about him. It shows how he went through an extremely difficult childhood and was able to graduate college with a doctorate in law. S-This book is significant because it gives us a deeper look into how messed up our society was during the late 1900’s. It gives us a better understanding into the life that we aren’t familiar with because we usually just look at the black or white side of the story. Life on the Color Line makes us realize that it was just as hard for mulattos in that time as it was for blacks.

How Educational Systems Will Operate In Future Essay examples -- Techn

How Educational Systems Will Operate In Future The education system over the last 100 years has largely remained unchanged despite major technological advancements and the changing global economic environment that require new skills and experiences. Despite numerous pedagogical concepts being introduced in the education system, the traditional mode of instruction has continued to dominate today’s classrooms. However, though most educators have been hesitant in adopting technological advancements and applying them in education, the wave of change is inescapable. Future educational systems will have to embrace new ideas in order to be more effective in preparing students for the changing global economic demands. This paper reflects on the views of authors of two journal articles on the topic of how educational systems will operate in the future. The main ideas presented in this paper include teachers’ competencies in preparing students for a knowledge economy and how educational computing will operate in the future. According to Andrawes, students need to be equipped with skills needed in accessing and processing the wide array of information made available by the advancing technology. Educators also need to equip students with the knowledge of using computers and be familiar with the wide range of technologies (2011). In addition, it is incumbent upon the stakeholders in the education system to incorporate technologies used in the marketplace and the newly emerging ones into the school program. Beyond meeting these recommendations, Andrawes (2011) go further and propose that educational systems need to focus on providing education to people of all ages. In this regard, schools in the future will be continuous and constant facili... ...geluth, 2011). In addition, the instruction function will play a fundamental role in assisting in the development of new instructional resources and managing a personalized scope of instruction based on the nature of each project. Within the instruction function, a fully integrated assessment function will provide original tasks aimed at assessing the performance of each student. In addition, the assessment function will be crucial in facilitating prompt feedback and in designing and developing personalized assessment of each student. Besides these primary multiple functionalities, the PIES will accommodate secondary functions such as information on school personnel, general student data, communication, and PIES administration. Therefore, PIES will be a major development that points to how future educational systems will operate (Aslan & Reigeluth, 2011).

Enzyme Catalysis Essay

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to regulate metabolism by selectively speeding up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed during the process. During the catalytic action, the enzyme binds to the substrate – the reactant enzyme acts on – and forms an enzyme-substrate complex to convert the substrate into the product. Each type of enzyme combines with its specific substrate, which is recognized by the shape. In the enzymatic reaction, the initial rate of activity is constant regardless of concentration because the number of substrate molecules is so large compared to the number of enzyme molecules working on them. When graphed, the constant rate would be shown as a line, and the slope of this linear portion is the rate of reaction. As time passes, the rate of reaction slowly levels with less concentration of the substrate. This point where the rate starts to level is called the Kmax, in which the peak efficiency of enzymes is reached. In order to start the reaction, reactants require an initial supply of energy called activation energy. The enzymes work by reducing the amount of free energy that must be absorbed so that less required energy leads to faster rate of reaction. The rate of catalytic reactions is affected by the changes in temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration. Each enzyme has an optimal temperature at which it is most active; the rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature up to the optimal level, but drops sharply above that temperature. Most enzymes have their optimal pH value that range from 6 to 8 with exceptions, and they may denature in unfavorable pH levels. An increase in enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate when all the active sites are full, and an increase in substrate concentration will increase the rate when the active sites are not completely full. The enzyme used in this lab is catalase, a common catalyst found in nearly all living organisms. Catalse is a tetramer of 4 polypeptide chains, each consisting of more than 500 amino acids. Its optimum pH is approximately 7, and optimum temperature is about 37 Â °C. The primary catalytic reaction of catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen as shown by the equation: 2 H2O2 > 2 H2O + O2 . Within cells, the function of catalase is to prevent damage by the toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide by rapidly converting them to less dangerous substances. In this lab, we will show how catalase from 2 different sources (pure and potato extract) affects the rate of reaction by using titration to measure and calculating the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen gas with enzyme catalysis. Part II – Material and Methods In Part 2A, I tested for catalase activity by using the seriological pipette to transfer 10mL of H2O2 into a beaker. The serological pipette was utilized in all transfer of substances in this lab because of its high quality and accuracy in measurement, especially with delicate control of volume and graduations that extend all the way to the top. Then, I used another serological pipette to add 1mL of catalase in the beaker. After observation, I analyzed and recorded the results. The above procedure was repeated with the boiled catalase solution using another beaker and serological pipette. I analyzed and recorded the results after examination. In Part 2B, I established the baseline to determine the amount of H2O2 present in the nominal solution without adding the enzyme. I used serological pipettes (for the same reason mentioned above) to transfer 10mL of H2O2 in a beaker previously labeled as baseline and 1mL of distilled H2O into the same beaker after that. Next, I added 10mL of 1. 0M H2SO4 into the beaker and mixed the solution by gently swirling the beaker. The sulfuric acid was used to lower the pH and thereby stopping the catalytic activity. Using the serological pipette, I removed 5mL of the mixture into a different beaker to assay for the H2O2 amount through titration. This was done particularly through the titration technique because it can determine the concentration of a reactant – in this case, remaining amount of H2O2 – with volume measurements. After recording the initial burette reading, I placed the assay beaker underneath a burette containing KMnO4 and gradually added the titrant with controlled drops while gently swirling the beaker until the color of the mixture turned permanently pink or brown. Then, I recorded the final burette reading. The potassium permanganate was specifically used because its excess amount will cause the solution to change color, and the amount used to change the color is proportional to amount of remaining H2O2. In Part 2D, I measured the rate of H2O2 decomposition with enzyme catalysis in 5 different time intervals of 10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 seconds. After labeling 5 beakers with each time interval, I transferred 10mL of H2O2 to each beaker with the serological pipette (for the same reason mentioned in Part 2A). For the 10 second time interval, I added 1mL of catalase extract and swirled the beaker for 10 seconds. Next, I added 10mL of H2SO4 to stop the reaction. I repeated the above procedure 4 more times, varying the 10 second time interval to 30, 60, 120, 180 seconds. Then, using the serological pipette, I removed 5mL sample from each of the 5 beakers and found the amount of remaining H2O2 by titration with KMnO4. The reason and procedure for titration was identical to those in Part 2B. Part IV – Discussion In Part 2A, the enzyme activities of catalase and boiled catalase were observed. According to the data, the bubbles began to form in the mixture when the catalase was poured into H2O2. The bubbles are the O2 that results from the breakdown of H2O2 as the catalase takes effect. In the case of boiled catalase, there were no bubbles, which points to the absence of oxygen. This absence shows that unlike previous catalase, boiled catalase had no effect on the rate of reaction. The data supports the background information provided in the Introduction. The boiling of the catalase will alter its temperature above its optimal level, and that explains the significantly decreased reaction in the boiled catalase mixture compared to the catalase mixture. In Part 2B, the data represents the amount of H2O2 used in the reaction without enzyme catalysis, hence establishing the baseline. The collected data of initial reading and final reading was used to calculate the baseline of 4. 7mL KMnO4, which is proportional to the amount of H2O2. The 4 groups combined data as a class and took the average of the 4 baselines by liminating the highest and lowest number and taking the average of remaining 2 numbers. The established baseline was 4. 4mL. In the Charts A1 through B2 of Part 2D, the collected data of initial reading and final reading was used to calculate the amount of KMnO4 by subtracting the initial from the final. Since the amount of KMnO4 is proportional to the amount of H2O2 remaining, it was used to calculate the amount of H2O2 used in the reaction by subtracting it from the baseline. The computed data and the time intervals were graphed into 2 scatter plots separated by the type of catalase (pure and potato extract) with the lines of best fit drawn. The trend that should have shown in all 4 graphs was a steady increase from zero in the beginning and a gradual leveling off into a horizontal line towards the end. However, the actual results did not exactly come out as expected. In Graph A1, the data of Group 1 did steadily increase in the beginning, but the amount in 120 seconds was off and the data of Group 3 started with a negative amount, which went up and down throughout the time intervals. In Graph B1, the data of Group 2 started with a steady increase and slightly declined towards the end although the graph started at a negative number. In the same graph, the data of Group 4 also started negative and declined further, but it increased rapidly in the time intervals of 30-120 seconds and slightly declined at the end. Out of all the groups, the data of Group 2 was the most closest to the expected and the data of Group 4 was the most skewed. Overall, most groups had a line of best fit that began with a steady line that gradually smoothed out into a curve after, which matched the expected graph. Generally, the rate was the highest in the beginning from 0 to 120 seconds because that was when the H2O2 and catalase were first combined and the substrate molecules outnumber the enzyme, allowing the enzyme to collide with substrates more frequently. The rate was lowest towards the end after 120 seconds because that is a while after the hydrogen peroxide began to be decomposed and there is less of the substrate to bind with the enzyme, which means slower rate of reaction. This corresponds to the both graph’s line of best fit, which relatively supports the background information. The rate of enzyme activity on the reaction would decrease with lowered temperature since the lowered average kinetic energy of the molecules decrease the chances of the enzyme colliding and binding with the substrate. Also, the enzyme may be denatured with low enough temperature. The function of catalase is inhibited by sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid removes the enzyme’s function as a catalyst by transfiguring the protein conformation, which is critical to the binding of the enzyme to its substrate because the specificity is entirely dependent on the structure. Part V – Error Analysis The data from Part 2D did not completely support the background information, which could be explained by errors that was made in the lab. One major error in the data was the negative amount of H2O2 used in the 10 second time interval with exception of Group 1. This may be the result of a human error made in the process of titration. A student may have had trouble controlling the amount of KMnO4 with the burette, unable to record the exact amount at which the color of the mixture changed and adding too much KMnO4. This would have resulted in larger amount of KMnO4 used, thus, leading to a smaller amount of H2O2 used in the solution, which could result in a negative number. Another major error was the up and down fluctuation in the graph drawn from the data of Group 3 and Group 4. This could be due to any measurement error made during the lab, such as the measurement for the sample used in the assay. The directions called for 5mL of the mixture to be titrated; however, students may have measured wrong or mistaken the amount to more or less than 5mL. The assay of more than 5mL would result in a smaller amount of H2O2 used and the assay of less than 5mL would result in a larger amount of H2O2 used, which would account for the incorrect fluctuation of the graphs. Part VI – Conclusions In this lab, I conclude the following: Part 2A: ?Catalase reacts with H2O2 and produced H2O and O2 while boiled catalase does not engage with the substrate. This is shown by the formation of bubbles in the catalase mixture and the absence of bubbles, which indicates absence of oxygen, in the boiled catalase mixture. The function of catalase is affected by temperature because the boiling of the catalase denatured its catalytic ability, thus leading to absence of bubbles in the boiled catalase mixture. Part 2B: ?The amount of H2O2 remaining in the catalyzed reaction is generally less than that in the established baseline due to faster rate in the decomposition. In the data of Group 1, the amount of KmnO4 (proportional to the remaining amount of H 2O2) is 4. 4mL, 4. 2mL, 3. 9mL, 4. 2mL, and 3. 9mL over different time intervals. They are less than or equal to the baseline of 4. 4mL. Part 2D: ?The rate of catalytic reaction changes over time; the rate is constant in the beginning and gradually decreases towards the end, leveling off into a curve from a line. This is best illustrated in the best fit line of Group 2 data in Graph B1. ?The rate is highest when the reaction begins and becomes lower as time passes. The slope of the linear portion of all graphs in the data is greater than the slope of the gradually curving graph with increasing time interval.

Abortion A Medical Procedure - 1213 Words

Abortion is, as defined by Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, â€Å"a medical procedure used to end a pregnancy and cause the death of the fetus.† A procedure done within the first 9 weeks of pregnancy is done with medicines and the effects are similar to that of a natural miscarriage. This medicine can also be used from 9-20 weeks into pregnancy with heavier doses of the medicine. From 7-15 weeks of pregnancy, a suction termination is performed. This is where they use anesthetic and a suction tube is inserted into the womb and the fetus and surrounding tissue is removed. A late abortion from 20-24 weeks of pregnancy will require an overnight stay at a hospital. There are two options: a surgical two-stage abortion and a medically induced abortion. The first stage of a two-stage abortion will stop the heartbeat of the fetus and the second stage will be performed the next day and will involve removing the fetus and tissue. A medically induced abortion is where they give you a medicine that causes labor-like contractions and the procedure is similar to a late miscarriage. Abortion has been around for as early as 1550 BC. It was done before â€Å"quickening† or when the baby started to move by inserting a plant fiber covered with honey and crushed dates. In 1821, Connecticut put up a law about selling the poison that made abortions happen, but didn’t have a law about the women who took it. The early 1900’s were when most of the states in the U.S. had banned abortion. All 50 states had outlawedShow MoreRelatedIs Abortion A Medical Procedure?966 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion is the name given to a medical procedure, which involves the killing of a foetus, which is a baby. You are one in 250 million sperm cells that made it to the egg to create you surroundings Even at the 6th day you are special, around 2/3rd of embryos fail at this stage, but you made it. You proved that you were healthy enough to be embedded in your mothers lining. By week four your tiny little heart already has a beat. At week four your face has already started to take shape, and at 8Read MoreAbortion Is A Medical Procedure Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is a medical procedure done to terminate a human pregnancy and is performed, generally, within the first 28 weeks of conception (WebMD, n.d.). In America, abortion is a hot button topic for debate. Many laws have been enacted and changed over the years to control who can or cannot have this procedure done throughout the states. Abortion has a vast history, variety of procedures, and some interesting data specific to the state of Arkansas. Even before Roe VS. Wade, women had been terminatingRead MoreAbortion : The Only Medical Procedure1251 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion in Queensland is the only medical procedure that is still considered a criminal offence in the Criminal Code Act 1999 (Qld). Since the abortion laws were introduced societies attitudes, safe medical practices and women’s status in Australian society have changed. As a result the current laws do not reflect modern day’s society’s view and does not effectively protect stakeholder’s rights. Abortion should be decriminalised and made legal up to 17 weeks. However abortion past 17 weeks can onlyRead MoreAbortion As A Medical Or Surgical Procedure1443 Words   |  6 Pages Abortion is described as a medical or surgical procedure to remove a fetus and the placenta from a woman’s uterus by a trained healthcare worker (Nih.gov.2014). After hearing a case named Roe vs. Wade the Supreme Court, abortion was made legal in the United States in 1973. For a very long time, I was against abortion due to lack of information and exposure to other cultures. Because I grow up in a very religious household, the word abortion was definitely not part of the vocabularyRead MoreAbortion : A Common Medical Procedure979 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion remains a common medical procedure in today’s society, even though its rates have steadily dropped since 2000. Studies show that one in three women will have an abortion sometime in their life. There has been a constant religious and political debates between health care and abortion services. Many people believe they shouldn’t have to pay for their own abortion, just like they don’t hav e to pay for their birth control, doctor visits, or dental. This is an accusation that many pro-life peopleRead MoreAbortion Is The Most Common Medical Procedures Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is removing the fetus or embryo from the uterus before it is ready to be born. Spontaneous, which is also referred to as a miscarriage and the purposeful abortion, which is an induced abortion are the two major forms of abortion. Having a professional medical procedure conducted for an induced abortion is the safest way to handle the abortion under the local law. Annually, abortions are the most common medical procedures done in the United States, over 40 percent of women have terminatedRead MoreAbortion And The Social Aspects Of Abortion1683 Words   |  7 Pagesin Australia will have an abortion procedure in their life . Abortion data is only gathered by South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. However, South Australia is the only state to publish data and r eport findings annually. Abortion is a heavy topic which has the nation spilt into two groups; pro-life or pro-choice. Pro-life is in favour of the foetus and they believe that by killing the foetus it is equivalent to murder. Pro-choice is for abortion, as they believe that theRead MoreAbortion Is The Ending Of Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 Pages  Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo from the womb before it can survive on its own. surgery has lower risk of side effects. When allowed by local law abortion in the developed world is and has long been one of the safest procedures in medicine. Uncomplicated abortions do not cause any long term mental or physical problems. Every year unsafe abortions cause 47,000 deaths and 5 million hospital admissions. Around 44 million abortions occur each year in the world, withRead MoreShould Medical Abortion Be Legal? Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion abortions performed in the U.S., and by the age of 45, 30% of women would have had an abortion. When considering having an abortion, the surgeon must first indicate how many weeks is the patient because there is different procedures for different week stages. Abortion alone is very dangerous, therefore there are many risks that the patient must consider before agreeing to it. First the patient must decide to what type of abortion they want to go with because there is medical abortion and there’sRead MoreSelf-Induced Abortion Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesgoing to the Hospital to get a proper procedure. Immigrant women, like this one, are deciding to abort their own baby instead of leaving the procedure to medical experts. Many consequences arise when immigrant women used different types of methods to abort their child because the fear of deportation or being shun by their community. Immigrant women should leave the abortion method to medical experts regardless of personal problems that might arise later on. Abortion is defined as the removal of a fetus